The cardholder did not participate in the transaction (a fraudster made a duplicate or counterfeit copy of the card).

**card-present transactions only

• The merchant did not compare the first four embossed digits to the printed digits.

• The merchant received authorization without providing required data.

• The use of an EMV chip card resulted in a fraudulent transaction at a non-hybrid terminal.

• The use of an EMV chip card resulted in a fraudulent transaction at a hybrid terminal (with or without a PIN pad).

The merchant processed a transaction without the cardholder’s consent or it was charged to a fictitious account.

**card-present transactions only

• The merchant processed a transaction instigated by someone other than the cardholder.

The cardholder did not authorize the transaction.

• The transaction was placed by someone who had fraudulently obtained the account information.